5 degree of freedom robotic Arm

This thesis report is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 2016.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis report.Includes bibliographical references (page 96).A robotic arm is one type of mechanical arm which is similar to a human arm and can do most of the works that a human arm can do. It can do various works which is very risky for a human. A robotic arm is programmable and can do the works through instructions. In today’s world robotic arms are used in industries, rescue purpose and various research works. Considering the facts we thought of designing and making some improvements in robotic arm. Our robotic arm is an arduino controlled six degree freedom robot arm which can move 360 degree and in 6 directions and can do almost all the works of gripping. First of all, the unique part of our robotic arm is, a counter weight is used here to balance the arm while some object is gripped. Secondly, it is able to move to a specific point of its workspace through x, y and z axis values automatically if the points are given. For giving command we are using Bluetooth serial communication system through an Application. This work presents a 6 degree robotic arm with a gripper, controlled with an android application and Arduino MEGA via Bluetooth to carry or load materials. Here, the app searches for the Bluetooth connection, if the Bluetooth device connected with robot is open for connection, then the android app connects with it. Then the app sends command to the Arduino MEGA connected with the robot which is the brain of the robot, this command is fetched by the Arduino MEGA and according to the command it moves the robot forward, backward, left turn, right turn, stop and it expands the gripper to pick a material, squeezes the gripper when a material is picked and it can also move the gripper in left or right direction according to need.Md. Rashed IqbalUmme AyshaTanjila RobyatB. Electrical and Electronic Engineerin

State estimation within ied based smart grid using kalman estimates

State Estimation is a traditional and reliable technique within power distribution and control systems. It is used for building a topology of the power grid network based on state measurements and current operational state of different nodes & buses. The protection of sensors and measurement units such as Intelligent Electronic Devices (IED) in Central Energy Management System (CEMS) against False Data Injection Attacks (FDIAs) is a big concern to grid operators. These are special kind of cyber-attacks that are directed towards the state & measurement data in such a way that mislead the CEMS into making incorrect decisions and create generation load imbalance. These are known to bypass the traditional bad data detection systems within central estimators. This paper presents the use of an additional novel state estimator based on Kalman filter along with traditional Distributed State Estimation (DSE) which is based on Weighted Least Square (WLS). Kalman filter is a feedback control mechanism that constantly updates itself based on state prediction and state correction technique and shows improvement in the estimates. The additional estimator output is compared with the results of DSE in order to identify anomalies and injection of false data. We evaluated our methodology by simulating proposed technique using MATPOWER over IEEE-14, IEEE-30, IEEE-118, IEEE-300 bus. The results clearly demonstrate the superiority of the proposed method over traditional state estimation. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland

Study on EM Absorption Analysis of Mobile Handset Antenna

The development of the low SAR handset antenna with the apparition of advanced handset devices is presented in this paper. The main objective of the paper is to give an overview of the development of handset antenna with reducing specific absorption rate (SAR) and satisfying market demand in the last years. The development of handset antenna with higher efficiency, compact size, cost effective, multiband and Low SAR are studied for several types of antenn

Analysis of Mobile Phone Antenna Performance within the Head and Hand Phantoms

This paper proposes the effect of the hand-hold position on the electromagnetic (EM) wave interaction of a candy bar type and clamshell type cellular handset and a human head and hand is investigated. The human hand influences the performance of terminal antennas, and it is the main cause for absorption and  detuning. In spite of its importance in mobile-phone design and validation processes, it is still complicated to take it into account because a lack of knowledge in the area. In this paper, a rigorous investigation methodology is described for the study of candy bar, and clam shell mobile phone CAD model is used to numerically investigate the effect of hand phantom of mobile phone antenna radiation performance. The simulation results show that mobile phone grip styles of the hand phantom material properties, wrist and length, and hand phantom sizes and different positions is the important parameter to antenna performance. The grip style has direct implications in  the definition of phantom head. The preference of the handset with respect to the side of the user’s head depends on the mobile phone form factor and size. The results established high reliability and suitability for providing decision rationale for the design of complex high-end multi-band mobile phones

A Comparative Study of the Effects of Substrate Composite Materials on External and Internal Handset Antenna EM Absorption

Cellular phones are used in the vicinity of a human head, which absorbs power from antenna radiation. This investigation analyzes the effects of antenna substrate materials on electromagnetic (EM) absorption in a human head. Antennas are used in analysis with four different dielectric substrate materials, which are Bakelite, FR4 glass epoxy, Rogers R04003, and Taconic TLC. Moreover, two different thicknesses of each substrate are considered in the experimental setup. The EM absorption associated with two types of cell phone antennas is evaluated in the closed vicinity of the human head model. One of them is planar inverted-F antenna (PIFA), which is used as the internal handset antenna and another one is helical antenna, which is used as external handset antenna. This investigation consists of two different operating frequency bands, GSM 900 MHz and DCS 1800 MHz. The EM absorption in the human head is presented using the peak specific absorption rate (SAR) and total absorbed power (TAP) by the user. The finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method based on Computer Simulation Technology (CST) Microwave studio is utilized in this investigation. The obtained results show that the substrate materials do not effect SAR and TAP values considerably for both antennas, but substrate thickness affects the SAR and TAP values significantly. In addition, the substrate thickness affects the SAR and TAP values significantly in most of the cases Moreover, PIFA produces lower SAR than that of a helical antenna significantly for both GSM and DCS frequency band

An Improved Deep Learning Model for Electricity Price Forecasting

Accurate electricity price forecasting (EPF) is important for the purpose of bidding strategies and minimizing the risk for market participants in the competitive electricity market. Besides that, EPF becomes critically important for effective planning and efficient operation of a power system due to deregulation of electricity industry. However, accurate EPF is very challenging due to complex nonlinearity in the time series-based electricity prices. Hence, this work proposed two-fold contributions which are (1) effective time series preprocessing module to ensure feasible time-series data is fitted in the deep learning model, and (2) an improved long short-term memory (LSTM) model by incorporating linear scaled hyperbolic tangent (LiSHT) layer in the EPF. In this work, the time series pre-processing module adopted linear trend of the correlated features of electricity price series and the time series are tested by using Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) test method. In addition, the time series are transformed using boxcox transformation method in order to satisfy the stationarity property. Then, an improved LSTM prediction module is proposed to forecast electricity prices where LiSHT layer is adopted to optimize the parameters of the heterogeneous LSTM. This study is performed using the Australian electricity market price, load and renewable energy supply data. The experimental results obtained show that the proposed EPF framework performed better compared to previous techniques

Clippers (chronic lymphocytic inflammation with pontine perivascular enhancement responsive to steroids)–case report with neuroimaging

Background: CLIPPERS syndrome (chronic lymphocytic inflammation with pontine perivascular enhancement responsive to steroids) is an inflammatory disease process primarily involving the pons and adjacent structures. Clinically, the patient may present with cerebellar signs such as dysarthria, gait ataxia and with cranial nerve palsies. It shows good response to steroids / immunosuppressive therapy. Pathologically, there is infiltration of T lymphocytes into the perivascular spaces of brainstem. The disease follows a relapsing and a remitting course and the earlier the treatment is started with high dose steroids and the more prolonged it is, the better the clinical outcome will be

Adaptive Three Layer Hybrid Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface for 6G Wireless Communication: Trade-offs and Performance

A potential candidate technology for the development of future 6G networks has been recognized as Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface (RIS). However, due to the variation in radio link quality, traditional passive RISs only accomplish a minimal signal gain in situations with strong direct links between user equipment (UE) and base station (BS). In order to get over this fundamental restriction of smaller gain, the idea of active RISs might be a suitable solution. In contrast to current passive RIS, which simply reflects and directs signals without any additional amplification, active RISs have the ability to enhance reflected signals by the incorporation of amplifiers inside its elements. However, with additional amplifiers, apart from the relatively complex attributes of RIS-assisted arrangements, the additional energy consumption of such technologies is often disregarded. So, there might be a tradeoff between the additional energy consumption for the RIS technologies and the overall gain acquired by deploying this potential advancement. The objective of this work is to provide a primary idea of a three-layer hybrid RIS-assisted configuration that is responsive to both active and passive RIS, as well as an additional dormant or inactive state. The single RIS structure should be capable of adjusting its overall configuration in response to fluctuations in transmit power and radio link quality. Furthermore, our fabricated passive RIS-assisted structure verifies a portion of the proposed idea, with simulations highlighting its advantages over standalone passive or active RIS-assisted technologies.Comment: Accepted for presentation and publication at the 8th IEEE Asia Pacific Conference on Wireless and Mobile (APWiMob) Conferenc

Design of a microstrip antenna on Duroid 5870 substrate material for Ku and K-band applications

U ovom je radu prikazana mikrostrip antena na podlozi Duroid 5870 za aplikacije Ku i K pojasa. Predložena se antena sastoji od kružnih i pravokutnih nizova tiskanih na dielektričnom materijalu podloge Duroid 5870, a pobuđuje ju 50 Ω mikrostrip dalekovod. HFSS elektromagnetski solver visoke frekvencije uzet u obzir u ovoj studiji temelji se na metodi konačnih elemenata (MKE). Antena generira dvije odvojene rezonantne frekvencije za pokrivanje Ku i K-pojasa. Ima područje impedancije (2:1 VSWR) od 1,11 GHz (16,14 ÷ 15,03 GHz) na donjem pojasu i širinu pojasa od 1,15 GHz (20,99 ÷ 19,84 GHz) na gornjem pojasu. Postigla je stabilan kružni dijagram zraćenja u operativnom frekvencijskom pojasu. Predstavljeni su i detaljno raspravljeni učinkovitost, raspodjela struje, VSWR te povratni gubitci predložene antene.A microstrip antenna on Duroid 5870 substrate material has been presented for Ku and K-band applications in this paper. The proposed antenna has consisted of circular and rectangular slots printed on Duroid 5870 dielectric substrate material and excited by a 50 Ω microstrip transmission line. High frequency electromagnetic solver HFSS has been taken into account in this study based on the Finite Element Method (FEM). The antenna has generated two separate resonant frequencies to cover Ku and K-band. It has an impedance bandwidth (2:1 VSWR) of 1,11 GHz (16,14 ÷ 15,03 GHz) on the lower band and a bandwidth of 1,15 GHz (20,99 ÷ 19,84 GHz) on the upper band. It has achieved a stable omni-directional radiation pattern in the operating frequency band. The efficiency, current distribution, VSWR, return loss of the proposed antenna have been presented and discussed in detail

Performance Comparison Between VoLTE and non-VoLTE Voice Calls During Mobility in Commercial Deployment: A Drive Test-Based Analysis

The optimization of network performance is vital for the delivery of services using standard cellular technologies for mobile communications. Call setup delay and User Equipment (UE) battery savings significantly influence network performance. Improving these factors is vital for ensuring optimal service delivery. In comparison to traditional circuit-switched voice calls, VoLTE (Voice over LTE) technology offers faster call setup durations and better battery-saving performance. To validate these claims, a drive test was carried out using the XCAL drive test tool to collect real-time network parameter details in VoLTE and non-VoLTE voice calls. The findings highlight the analysis of real-time network characteristics, such as the call setup delay calculation, battery-saving performance, and DRX mechanism. The study contributes to the understanding of network optimization strategies and provides insights for enhancing the quality of service (QoS) in mobile communication networks. Examining VoLTE and non-VoLTE operations, this research highlights the substantial energy savings obtained by VoLTE. Specifically, VoLTE saves approximately 60.76% of energy before the Service Request and approximately 38.97% of energy after the Service Request. Moreover, VoLTE to VoLTE calls have a 72.6% faster call setup delay than non-VoLTE-based LTE to LTE calls, because of fewer signaling messages required. Furthermore, as compared to non-VoLTE to non-VoLTE calls, VoLTE to non-VoLTE calls offer an 18.6% faster call setup delay. These results showcase the performance advantages of VoLTE and reinforce its potential for offering better services in wireless communication networks.Comment: Accepted for presentation and Publication on the IEEE 10th International Conference on Electrical Engineering, Computer Science and Informatics (EECSI 2023